Passive directional acoustic radiating

ABSTRACT

An audio system for a television using a pipe type passive directional acoustic device mounted in a television cabinet. The slotted pipe type passive directional acoustic device includes a first acoustic driver, acoustically coupled to a pipe to radiate acoustic energy into the pipe. The first pipe includes an elongated opening along at least a portion of the length of the pipe. Acoustically resistive material is in the opening. Pressure waves are radiated to the environment through the opening. The pressure waves are characterized by a volume velocity. The pipe, the opening, and the acoustically resistive material are configured so that the volume velocity is substantially constant along the length of the pipe. The passive directional acoustic devices directionally radiate sound waves laterally from the television cabinet.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of, and claims priority of,U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/114,261, published as U.S. PublishedPat. App. 2009-0274329 A1, entitled “Passive Directional AcousticRadiating”, filed May 2, 2008 by Ickler, et al.

BACKGROUND

This specification describes an audio system for a television employingdirectional audio devices.

SUMMARY

In one aspect an audio system includes at least a left channel, a rightchannel, and a center channel. The audio system includes a crossovernetwork for separating the left channel, the right channel, and thecenter channel into low frequency content, midrange frequency content,and high frequency content; an omnidirectional acoustical device forradiating acoustic energy corresponding to the low frequency content ofthe combined left channel, right channel, and center channel; a firstdirectional array for radiating acoustic energy, comprising signalprocessing circuitry and more than one acoustic driver, for radiatingacoustic energy corresponding to the midrange content of one of the leftchannel and right channel signal so that more acoustic energycorresponding to the midrange content of one of the left channel signaland the right channel signal is radiated laterally than in otherdirections; and a first passive directional device, for radiatingacoustic energy corresponding to the high frequency content of the oneof the left channel and right channel signal so that more acousticenergy corresponding to the high frequency content of the one of theleft channel signal and the right channel signal is radiated laterallythan in other directions. The audio system may include a seconddirectional array for radiating acoustic energy, comprising signalprocessing circuitry and more than one acoustic driver for radiatingacoustic energy corresponding to the midrange content of the other ofthe left channel and right channel so that more acoustic energycorresponding to high frequency content of the other of the left channeland right channel signal is radiated laterally than in other directions;and a second passive directional device, for radiating acoustic energycorresponding to the midrange content of the other of the left channeland right channel so that more acoustic energy corresponding to highfrequency content of the other of the left channel and right channelsignal is radiated laterally than in other directions. The firstdirectional array, the second directional array, the first passivedirectional device and the second passive directional device may bemounted in a common enclosure. The common enclosure may be a televisioncabinet. The first directional array and the second directional arraymay include at least one common driver. The audio system of may furtherinclude a third directional array for radiating acoustic energy,comprising signal processing circuitry and more than one acoustic driverfor radiating acoustic energy corresponding to the midrange content ofthe center channel so that more acoustic energy corresponding to thecenter channel signal is radiated in a direction substantiallyorthogonal to the direction of greater radiation of the firstdirectional array and the direction of greater radiation of the seconddirectional array. The audio system may further include anon-directional high frequency acoustical device for radiating the highfrequency content of the center channel. The non-directional highfrequency device and the third directional array may positioned in atelevision on vertically opposite sides of a television screen. At leasttwo of the first directional array, the second directional array, andthe third directional array may include at least one acoustic driver incommon. The direction substantially orthogonal to the direction ofgreater radiation of the first directional array and the direction ofgreater radiation of the second directional array is substantiallyupward. The direction substantially orthogonal to the direction ofgreater radiation of the first directional array and the direction ofgreater radiation of the second directional array may be substantiallytoward an intended listening area. The omnidirectional device mayinclude a waveguide. The waveguide may be mounted in a televisioncabinet. At least two of the first directional array, the seconddirectional array, and the third directional array include more than oneacoustic driver in common. The first directional array, the seconddirectional array, and the third directional array may include more thanone acoustic driver in common. The audio system may be mounted in atelevision cabinet. The omnidirectional acoustical device, the firstdirectional array, the second directional array, the third directionalarray, the first passive directional device, and the second passivedirectional device each have an exit through which acoustic energy isradiated to the environment, and none of the exits may be in a frontface of the television cabinet. The first passive directional device mayinclude a slotted pipe type passive directional acoustic devicecomprising an acoustic driver, acoustically coupled to a pipe to radiateacoustic energy into the pipe. The pipe may include an elongated openingalong at least a portion of the length of the pipe; and acousticallyresistive material in the opening through which pressure waves areradiated to the environment. The pressure waves characterized by avolume velocity. The pipe, the opening, and the acoustically resistivematerial may be configured so that the volume velocity is substantiallyconstant along the length of the pipe.

In another aspect, a method for operating an audio system comprising atleast a left channel, a right channel, and a center channel, includesradiating omnidirectionally acoustic energy corresponding to the lowfrequency content of the combined left channel, right channel, andcenter channel; radiating directionally, from a first directional arraycomprising signal processing circuitry and more than one acousticdriver, acoustic energy corresponding to the midrange content of theleft channel so that more acoustic energy corresponding to the leftchannel signal is radiated leftwardly than in other directions;radiating directionally, from a second directional array comprisingsignal processing circuitry and more than one acoustic driver, acousticenergy corresponding to the midrange content of the right channel sothat more acoustic energy corresponding to the right channel signal isradiated rightwardly than in other directions; radiating directionally,from a third directional array comprising signal processing circuitryand more than one acoustic driver, acoustic energy corresponding to themidrange content of the center channel so that more acoustic energycorresponding to the center channel signal is radiated in a directionsubstantially orthogonal to the direction of greater radiation of thefirst directional array and the direction of greater radiation of thesecond directional array; radiating directionally, from a first passivedirectional device, acoustic energy corresponding to the high frequencycontent of the left channel so that more acoustic energy is radiatedleftwardly than other directions; and radiating directionally, from asecond passive directional device, acoustic energy corresponding to thehigh frequency content of the right channel so that more acoustic energyis radiated rightwardly than other directions. The method may furtherinclude radiating non-directionally the high the high frequency contentof the center channel. Radiating non-directionally the high frequencycontent of the center channel may include radiating from a verticallyopposite side of a television screen from the radiating directionally ofthe midrange content of the center channel. The radiatingomnidirectionally acoustic energy corresponding to the low frequencycontent of the combined left channel, right channel, and center channelmay include radiating from a waveguide. 2.2.1. The radiatingomnidirectionally may include radiating from a waveguide is mounted in atelevision cabinet. The directionally radiating in a directionsubstantially orthogonal to the direction of greater radiation of thefirst directional array and the direction of greater radiation of thesecond directional array may include radiating substantially upward. Thedirectionally radiating in a direction substantially orthogonal to thedirection of greater radiation of the first directional array and thedirection of greater radiation of the second directional array mayinclude radiating substantially toward an intended listening area. Theradiating directionally from a first directional array, the radiatingdirectionally from a second directional array, the radiatingdirectionally from a third directional array, the radiatingdirectionally from a first passive directional device and the radiatingdirectionally from a second passive directional device may includeradiating from a television cabinet. The radiating directionally from afirst directional array, the radiating directionally from a seconddirectional array, the radiating directionally from a third directionalarray, the radiating directionally from a first passive directionaldevice and the radiating directionally from a second passive directionaldevice may include radiating from one of a side, a bottom, or a top of atelevision cabinet.

In another aspect, an audio system for a television may include atelevision cabinet; a slotted pipe type passive directional acousticdevice that includes an acoustic driver, acoustically coupled to a pipeto radiate acoustic energy into the pipe. The pipe may include anelongated opening along at least a portion of the length of the pipe;and acoustically resistive material in the opening through whichpressure waves are radiated to the environment. The pressure waves maybe characterized by a volume velocity. The pipe, the opening, and theacoustically resistive material may be configured so that the volumevelocity is substantially constant along the length of the pipe. Thepassive directional acoustic device may be mounted in the televisioncabinet to directionally radiate sound waves laterally from thetelevision cabinet. the pipe may be at least one of bent or curved. Theopening may be at least one of bent or curved along its length. Theopening may be in a face that is bent or curved. The television cabinetmay be tapered backwardly, and the passive directional acoustic devicemay be mounted so that a curved or bent wall of the slotted pipe typepassive directional acoustic device is substantially parallel to theback and a side wall of the television cabinet. The opening may includetwo sections, a first section in a top face of the pipe and a secondsection in a side face of the pipe. The audio system for a television ofclaim 10.0, wherein the acoustic apparatus may be for radiating the highfrequency content of a left channel or a right channel laterally fromthe television. The passive directional acoustic device may be forradiating the left channel or right channel content above 2 kHz. Theaudio system may further include a directional array for radiatingmidrange frequency content of the left channel or right channellaterally from the television. The audio system may further include awaveguide structure for radiating bass frequency content of the leftchannel or right channel; the other of the left channel or rightchannel; and a center channel. The cross sectional area of the pipe maydecrease along the length of the pipe. The audio system may furtherinclude The audio system may further include a second slotted pipe typepassive directional acoustic device comprising a second acoustic driver,acoustically coupled to a pipe to radiate acoustic energy into the pipe.The second pipe may include an elongated opening along at least aportion of the length of the pipe; and acoustically resistive materialin the opening through which pressure waves are radiated to theenvironment. The pressure waves may be characterized by a volumevelocity. The pipe, the opening, and the acoustically resistive materialmay be configured so that the volume velocity is substantially constantalong the length of the pipe. The first passive directional acousticdevice may be mounted in the television cabinet to directionally radiatesound waves laterally leftward from the television cabinet and thesecond passive radiator may be mounted in the television cabinet todirectionally radiate sound waves laterally rightward from thetelevision cabinet.

Other features, objects, and advantages will become apparent from thefollowing detailed description, when read in connection with thefollowing drawing, in which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

FIGS. 1A. 1C, and 1E are top diagrammatic views of an audio modulemounted in a television;

FIGS. 1B and 1D are front diagrammatic views of the audio module mountedin a television;

FIG. 2 is a front diagrammatic view of the audio module, showing thelocation of the center channel speakers;

FIG. 3A is a block diagram of an audio system;

FIG. 3B is a block diagram showing an alternate configuration of some ofthe elements of the audio system of FIG. 3A;

FIG. 4A is a diagrammatic view of a low frequency device of the audiosystem;

FIG. 4B is an isometric drawing of an actual implementation of the audiosystem;

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view of the audio module;

FIGS. 6A-6D are diagrammatic views of the elements of the audio moduleused as directional arrays;

FIGS. 7A and 7B are diagrammatic views of a passive directional acousticdevice;

FIG. 7C is an isometric view of an actual implementation of the passivedirectional device of FIGS. 7A and 7B; and

FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic view of a passive directional audio device,mounted in a television.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Though the elements of several views of the drawing may be shown anddescribed as discrete elements in a block diagram and may be referred toas “circuitry”, unless otherwise indicated, the elements may beimplemented as one of, or a combination of, analog circuitry, digitalcircuitry, or one or more microprocessors executing softwareinstructions. The software instructions may include digital signalprocessing (DSP) instructions. Operations may be performed by analogcircuitry or by a microprocessor executing software that performs themathematical or logical equivalent to the analog operation. Unlessotherwise indicated, signal lines may be implemented as discrete analogor digital signal lines, as a single discrete digital signal line withappropriate signal processing to process separate streams of audiosignals, or as elements of a wireless communication system. Some of theprocesses may be described in block diagrams. The activities that areperformed in each block may be performed by one element or by aplurality of elements, and may be separated in time. The elements thatperform the activities of a block may be physically separated. Oneelement may perform the activities of more than one block. Unlessotherwise indicated, audio signals or video signals or both may beencoded and transmitted in either digital or analog form; conventionaldigital-to-analog or analog-to-digital converters may not be shown inthe figures. For simplicity of wording “radiating acoustic energycorresponding to the audio signals in channel x” will be referred to as“radiating channel x.” “Directional arrays”, as used herein, refers toarrays that use a combination of signal processing and geometry,placement, and configuration of more than one acoustic driver to causethe radiation to be greater in some directions than in other directions.Directional arrays include interference arrays, such as described inU.S. Pat. No. 5,870,484 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,809,153. “Passivedirectional device”, as used herein, refers to devices that do not useany signal processing, but rather use only mechanical or physicalarrangements or devices to cause the radiation of wavelengths that arelarge (for example 2×) relative to the diameter of the radiatingelements to be greater in some directions than in others. Passivedirectional devices could include acoustic lenses, horns, dipoleradiators, or slotted pipe type directional devices shown below and inFIGS. 7A-7C and described in the corresponding portions of thespecification.

FIG. 1A shows a diagrammatic view of an audio module 10. The audiomodule 10 may be associated with, or built into, a television 12. Theaudio module radiates acoustic signals of some frequency rangescorresponding to a audio system including at least a left channel, aright channel, and a center channel.

The left channel midrange (L_(M)) frequency sound is radiated by adirectional array so that more acoustic energy is radiated laterallyleftward relative to a listening area than in other directions asindicated. The right channel midrange (R_(M)) frequency sound isradiated by a directional array so that more acoustic energy is radiatedlaterally rightward than in other directions as indicated.

The left channel high (L_(H)) frequency sound is radiated by a passivedirectional device so that more acoustic energy is radiated laterallyleftward than in other directions as indicated. The right channel high(R_(H)) frequency sound is radiated by a passive directional device sothat more acoustic energy is radiated laterally rightward than in otherdirections as indicated.

Radiating the left and right channels directionally laterally causesmore of radiation experienced by the listener to be indirect radiationthan direct radiation or radiation of the left and right channels towardthe listening area. Causing more of the radiation to be indirectradiation results in a more spacious acoustic image and permits theradiation of the left and right channels from a device in the lateralmiddle of the listening area.

FIGS. 1B-1E show different implementations of the radiation pattern ofthe center channel.

In FIGS. 1B and 1C, the center channel midrange (C_(M)) frequency soundis radiated by a directional array so that more energy is radiated in adirection substantially orthogonal to the directions of maximumradiation of the left and right channel midrange frequency sound than isradiated in other directions. The center channel high (C_(H)) frequencysound is radiated directionally by a passive directional device so thatmore energy is radiated in a direction substantially orthogonal to thedirections of maximum radiation of the left and right channel midrangefrequency sound than is radiated in other directions. In FIG. 1B, thedirection of maximum radiation of the center channel midrange frequencysound and the high frequency sound is upward relative to the listeningarea. In FIG. 1C, the direction of maximum radiation the center channelmidrange frequency sound and the high frequency sound is toward thelistening area. In other implementations, the direction of maximumradiation of the center channel midrange frequency and the highfrequency could be substantially downward. The direction of maximumradiation of the center channel midrange frequency sound and thedirection of maximum radiation of the center channel high frequencysound do not need to be the same direction; for example, the centerchannel midrange frequency sound could be radiated substantiallyupwardly, and the center channel high frequency sound could be radiatedsubstantially toward the listening area. The low frequency device, whichwill be described below, may be mounted in a television cabinet 46.

In FIGS. 1D and 1E, the center channel midrange frequency sound isradiated by a directional array so that more energy is radiated in adirection substantially orthogonal to the directions of maximumradiation of the left and right channel midrange frequency sound than isradiated in other directions. The center channel high frequency sound isradiated substantially omnidirectionally. In FIG. 1D, the direction ofmaximum radiation the center channel midrange frequency is upwardrelative to the listening area. In FIG. 1E, the direction of maximumradiation the center channel midrange frequency sound is toward thelistening area.

When implemented in a television, the center channel high frequencyacoustical device may be vertically on the opposite side of thetelevision screen from the center channel directional array to cause theacoustic image to be vertically centered on the television screen. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 2, if the center channel directional array 44is above the television screen 52, the center channel high frequencyacoustical device 45 may be positioned below the television screen.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram showing some signal processing elements ofthe audio module 10 of FIGS. 1A-1E. The signal processing elements ofFIG. 3A are parts of a three-way crossover system that separates theinput channel into three frequency bands (hereinafter referred to as abass frequency band, a midrange frequency band, and a high frequencyband), none of which are substantially encompassed by any of the otherfrequency bands. The signal processing elements of FIG. 3A processes andradiates the three frequency bands differently.

The left channel signal L, the right channel signal R, and the centerchannel signal C are combined at signal summer 29 and low pass filteredby low pass filter 24 to provide a combined low frequency signal. Thecombined low frequency signal is radiated by a low frequency radiationdevice 26, such as a woofer or another acoustic device including lowfrequency augmentation elements such as ports, waveguides, or passiveradiators. Alternatively, the left channel signal, the right channelsignal, and the center channel signal may be low pass filtered, thencombined before being radiated by the low frequency radiation device, asshown in FIG. 3B.

In FIG. 3A, the left channel signal is band pass filtered by band passfilter 28 and radiated directionally by left channel array 30. The leftchannel signal is high pass filtered by high pass filter 32 and radiateddirectionally (as indicated by the arrow extending from element 34) bypassive directional device 34.

The right channel signal is band pass filtered by band pass filter 28and radiated directionally by right channel array 38 as shown in FIGS.1A-1E. The right channel signal is high pass filtered by high passfilter 32 and radiated directionally by passive directional device 42.

The center channel signal is band pass filtered by band pass filter 28and radiated directionally by center channel array 44 as shown in FIGS.1B-1E. The center channel signal is high pass filtered by high passfilter 32 and radiated directionally by a high frequency acousticaldevice 45 (which, as stated above may be directional or omnidirectional,as indicated by the dotted line arrow extending from element 45).

In one implementation, the break frequency of low pass filter 24 is 250Hz, the pass band for band pass filter 28 is 250 Hz to 2.5 k Hz, and thebreak frequency for high pass filter 32 is 2 kHz.

In one implementation, the low frequency device 26 of FIG. 3A includes awaveguide structure as described in U.S. Published Pat. App.2009-0214066 A1, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Thewaveguide structure is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 4A. An actualimplementation of the low frequency device of FIG. 4A is shown in FIG.4B. Reference numbers in FIG. 4B correspond to like numbered elements ofFIG. 4A. The low frequency device may include a waveguide 412 driven bysix 2.25 inch acoustic drivers 410A-410D mounted near the closed end 411of the waveguide. There are acoustic volumes 422A and 422B acousticallycoupled to the waveguide at the locations 434A and 434B along thewaveguide. The cross sectional area of the waveguide increases at theopen end 418. The implementation of FIG. 4B has one dimension that issmall relative to the other two dimensions and can be convenientlyenclosed in a flat panel wide screen television cabinet, such as thecabinet 46 of the television 12.

Directional arrays 30, 38, and 44 are shown diagrammatically in FIG. 3Aas having two acoustic drivers. In actual implementations, they may havemore than two acoustic drivers and may share common acoustic drivers. Inone implementation, the left directional array 30, the right directionalarray 38, and the center directional array 44 are implemented as amulti-element directional array such as is described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/716,309 filed Mar. 3, 2010 by Berardi, et al.,incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 5 shows an acoustic module that is suitable for the left channelarray 30, the right channel array 38 of FIG. 3A, and the center channelarray 44 (all shown in FIG. 3A). An audio module 212 includes aplurality, in this embodiment seven, of acoustic drivers 218-1-218-7.One of the acoustic drivers 218-4 is positioned near the lateral centerof the module, near the top of the audio module. Three acoustic drivers218-1-218-3 are positioned near the left extremity 220 of the audiomodule and are closely and non-uniformly spaced, so that distance l1≠l2,l2≠l3, l1≠3. Additionally, the spacing may be arranged so that l1<l2<l3.Similarly, distance l6≠l5, l5≠l4, l6≠4. Additionally, the spacing may bearranged so that l6<l5<l4. In one implementation, l1=l6=55 mm, l2=l5=110mm, and l3=l4=255 mm. The left channel array 30, the right channel array38, and the center channel array 44 of FIG. 3A each include subsets ofthe seven acoustic drivers 218-1-218-7.

The directional radiation patterns of the midrange frequency bands ofFIGS. 1A-1E are accomplished by interference type directional arraysconsisting of subsets of the acoustic drivers 218-1-218-7. Interferencetype directional arrays are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,870,484 andU.S. Pat. No. 5,809,153. At frequencies at which the individual acousticdrivers radiate substantially omnidirectionally (for example frequencieswith corresponding wavelengths that are more than twice the diameter ofthe radiating surface of the acoustic drivers), radiation from each ofthe acoustic drivers interferes destructively or non-destructively withradiation from each of the other acoustic drivers. The combined effectof the destructive and non-destructive interference is that theradiation is some directions is significantly less, for example, −14 dB,relative to the maximum radiation in any direction. The directions atwhich the radiation is significantly less than the maximum radiation inany direction may be referred to as “null directions”. Causing moreradiation experienced by a listener to be indirect radiation isaccomplished by causing the direction between the audio module and thelistener to be a null direction and so that more radiation is directedlaterally relative to the listener.

FIG. 6A shows a diagrammatic view of audio module 212, showing theconfiguration of directional arrays of the audio module. The audiomodule is used to radiate the channels of a multi-channel audio signalsource 222. Typically, a multi-channel audio signal source for use witha television has at least a left (L), right (R), and Center (C) channel.In FIG. 6A, the left channel array 30 includes acoustic drivers 218-1,218-2, 218-3, 218-4, and 218-5. The acoustic drivers 218-1-218-5 arecoupled to the left channel signal source 238 by signal processingcircuitry 224-1-224-5, respectively that apply signal processingrepresented by transfer function H_(1L)(z)-H_(5L)(z), respectively. Theeffect of the transfer functions H_(1L)(z)-H_(5L)(z) on the left channelaudio signal may include one or more of phase shift, time delay,polarity inversion, and others. Transfer functions H_(1L)(z)-H_(5L)(z)are typically implemented as digital filters, but may be implementedwith equivalent analog devices.

In operation, the left channel signal L, as modified by the transferfunctions H_(1L)(z)-H_(5L)(z) is transduced to acoustic energy by theacoustic drivers 218-1-218-5. The radiation from the acoustic driversinterferes destructively and non-destructively to result in a desireddirectional radiation pattern. To achieve a spacious stereo image, theleft array 232 directs radiation laterally toward the left boundary ofthe room as indicated by arrow 213 and cancels radiation toward thelistener. The use of digital filters to apply transfer functions tocreate directional interference arrays is described, for example, inBoone, et al., Design of a Highly Directional Endfire Loudspeaker Array,J. Audio Eng. Soc., Vol 57. The concept is also discussed with regard tomicrophones van der Wal et al., Design of Logarithmically SpacedConstant Directivity-Directivity Transducer Arrays, J. Audio Eng. Soc.,Vol. 44, No. 6, June 1996 (also discussed with regard to loudspeakers),and in Ward, et al., Theory and design of broadband sensor arrays withfrequency invariant far-field beam patterns, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97 (2),February 1995. Mathematically, directional microphone array concepts maygenerally be applied to loudspeakers.

Similarly, in FIG. 6B, the right channel array 38 includes acousticdrivers 218-3, 218-4, 218-5, 218-6, and 218-7. The acoustic drivers218-3-218-7 are coupled to the right channel signal source 240 and tosignal processing circuitry 224-3-224-7, respectively that apply signalprocessing represented by transfer function H_(3R)(z)-H_(7R)(z),respectively. The effect of the transfer functions H_(3R)(z)-H_(7R)(z)may include one or more of phase shift, time delay, polarity inversion,and others. Transfer functions H_(3R)(z)-H_(7R)(z) are typicallyimplemented as digital filters, but may be implemented with equivalentanalog devices.

In operation, the right channel signal R, as modified by the transferfunctions H_(3R)(z)-H_(7R)(z) is transduced to acoustic energy by theacoustic drivers 218-3-218-7. The radiation from the acoustic driversinterferes destructively and non-destructively to result in a desireddirectional radiation pattern. To achieve a spacious stereo image, theright array 234 directs radiation laterally toward the right boundary ofthe room as indicated by arrow 215 and cancels radiation toward thelistener.

In FIG. 6C, the center channel array 44 includes acoustic drivers 218-2,218-3, 218-4, 218-5, and 218-6. The acoustic drivers 218-2-218-6 arecoupled to the center channel signal source 242 by signal processingcircuitry 224-2-224-6, respectively that apply signal processingrepresented by transfer function H_(2C)(z)-H_(6C)(z), respectively. Theeffect of the transfer functions H_(2C)(z)-H_(6C)(z) may include one ormore of phase shift, time delay, polarity inversion, and others.Transfer functions H_(2C)(z)-H_(6C)(z) are typically implemented asdigital filters, but may be implemented with equivalent analog devices.

In operation, the center channel signal C, as modified by the transferfunctions H_(2C)(z)-H_(6C)(z) is transduced to acoustic energy by theacoustic drivers 218-2-218-6. The radiation from the acoustic driversinterferes destructively and non-destructively to result in a desireddirectional radiation pattern.

An alternative configuration for the center channel array 44 is shown inFIG. 6D, in which the center channel array 44 includes acoustic drivers218-1, 218-3, 218-4, 218-5, and 218-7. The acoustic drivers 218-1,218-3-218-5, and 218-7 are coupled to the center channel signal source242 by signal processing circuitry 224-1, 224-3-224-5, and 224-7,respectively that apply signal processing represented by transferfunction H_(1C)(z), H_(3C)(z)-H_(5C)(z), and H_(7C)(z), respectively.The effect of the transfer functions H_(1C)(z), H_(3C)(z)-H_(5C)(z)),and H_(7C)(z), may include one or more of phase shift, time delay,polarity inversion, and others. Transfer functions H_(1C)(z),H_(3C)(z)-H_(5C)(z)), and H_(7C)(z) are typically implemented as digitalfilters, but may be implemented with equivalent analog devices.

In operation, the center channel signal C, as modified by the transferfunctions H_(1C)(z), H_(3C)(z)-H_(5C)(z)), and H_(7C)(z) is transducedto acoustic energy by the acoustic drivers 218-1, 218-3-218-5, and218-7. The radiation from the acoustic drivers interferes destructivelyand non-destructively to result in a desired directional radiationpattern.

The center channel array 44 of FIGS. 6C and 6D may direct radiationupward, as indicated by arrow 217 and in some implementations slightlybackward and cancels radiation toward the listener, or in otherimplementations may direct radiation toward the listening area.

Other types of directional array are appropriate for use as directionalarrays 30, 38, and 44. For example, each of the arrays may have as fewas two acoustic drivers, without any acoustic drivers shared by arrays.

In one implementation, the left passive directional device 34 and theright passive directional device 42 of FIG. 3A are implemented as showndiagrammatically in FIGS. 7A and 7B with an actual example (without theacoustic driver) in FIG. 7C. The passive directional devices of FIGS. 7Aand 7B operate according to the principles described in U.S. PublishedPat. App. 2009-0274329 A1, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

The passive directional device 310 of FIGS. 7A and 7B includes arectangular pipe 316 with an acoustic driver 314 mounted in one end. Thepipe tapers from the end in which the acoustic driver 314 is mounted tothe other end so that the cross-sectional area at the other end issubstantially zero. A lengthwise slot 318 that runs substantially thelength of the pipe is covered with acoustically resistive material 320,such as unsintered stainless steel wire cloth, 165×800 plain twill Dutchweave. The dimensions and characteristics of the pipe, the slot, and theacoustically resistive material are set so that the volume velocity issubstantially constant along the length of the pipe.

In the actual implementation of FIG. 7C, one lengthwise section 354 ofthe rectangular pipe is bent at a 45 degree angle to a second section352. The slot 318 of FIG. 7A is divided into two sections, one section318A of the slot in the side face 356 of first section 354 of the pipeand a second section of the slot 318B in the top face 358 in the secondsection 352 of the pipe.

The implementation of the slotted pipe type directional loudspeaker ofFIG. 7B is particularly advantageous in some situations. FIG. 8 shows acurved or bent slotted pipe type directional radiator 110 in atelevision cabinet 112. The dotted lines represent the side and back ofthe television cabinet 112, viewed from the top. For cosmetic or otherreasons, the back of the cabinet is tapered inwardly, so that the backof the cabinet is narrower than the front. A slotted pipe typedirectional radiator is positioned in the cabinet so that the curve orbend generally follows the tapering of the cabinet, or in other words sothat the curved or slanted wall of the slotted pipe type directionalradiator is substantially parallel with the back and side of thetelevision cabinet. The directional radiator may radiate through anopening in the side of the cabinet, which may, for example, be alouvered opening. The direction of strongest radiation of thedirectional loudspeaker is generally sideward and slightly forward asindicated by arrow 62, which is desirable for use as passive directionaldevices such as devices 32 and 42 of FIG. 3A.

Other types of passive directional devices may be appropriate forpassive directional devices 32 and 42, for example, horns, lenses or thelike.

Using passive directional devices for high frequencies is advantageousbecause it provides desired directionality without requiring directionalarrays. Designing directional arrays that work effectively at the shortwavelengths corresponding to high frequencies is difficult. Atfrequencies with corresponding wavelengths that approach the diameter ofthe radiating elements, the radiating elements themselves may becomedirectional.

Numerous uses of and departures from the specific apparatus andtechniques disclosed herein may be made without departing from theinventive concepts. Consequently, the invention is to be construed asembracing each and every novel feature and novel combination of featuresdisclosed herein and limited only by the spirit and scope of theappended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An audio system for a television comprising: atelevision cabinet; a first slotted pipe type passive directionalacoustic device comprising a first acoustic driver, acoustically coupledto a pipe to radiate acoustic energy into the pipe, the first pipecomprising an elongated opening along at least a portion of the lengthof the pipe; and acoustically resistive material in the opening throughwhich pressure waves are radiated to the environment, the pressure wavescharacterized by a volume velocity, the pipe, the opening, and theacoustically resistive material configured so that the volume velocityof the pressure waves radiated to the environment from the pipe issubstantially constant along the length of the pipe; and wherein thepassive directional acoustic device is mounted in the television cabinetto directionally radiate sound waves laterally from the televisioncabinet.
 2. The audio system for a television of claim 1, An audiosystem comprising: a first slotted pipe type passive directionalacoustic device comprising a first acoustic driver, acoustically coupledto a slotted pipe to radiate acoustic energy into the slotted pipe, thefirst slotted pipe comprising an elongated opening along at least aportion of the length of the slotted pipe; and acoustically resistivematerial in the opening through which pressure waves are radiated to theenvironment, the pressure waves characterized by a volume velocity,where the slotted pipe, the opening, and the acoustically resistivematerial are configured so that volume velocity of the pressure waves isradiated to the environment from the slotted pipe along the length ofthe pipe, to directionally radiate sound waves laterally from the audiosystem, wherein the slotted pipe is at least one of bent or curvedcharacterized by a central axis extending along the length of theslotted pipe, wherein the central axis of the slotted pipe is at leastone of: bent and curved.
 3. The audio system for a television of claim 2wherein the opening is at least one of bent or curved along its length.4. The slotted pipe type passive directional acoustic device audiosystem of claim 2, wherein the opening is in a face that is bent orcurved.
 5. The audio system for a television of claim 2, wherein thetelevision cabinet is tapered backwardly, and wherein the passivedirectional acoustic device is mounted so that a curved or bent wall ofthe slotted pipe type passive directional acoustic device issubstantially parallel to the back and a side wall of the televisioncabinet.
 6. The audio system for a television of claim 2, wherein theopening comprises two sections, a first section in a top face of thepipe and a second section in a side face of the pipe.
 7. The audiosystem for a television of claim 1, wherein the passive directionalacoustic device is for radiating the high frequency content of a leftchannel or a right channel laterally from the television.
 8. The audiosystem for a television of claim 7, wherein the acoustic device is forradiating the left channel or right channel content above 2 kHz.
 9. Theaudio system for a television of claim 7, further comprising adirectional array for radiating midrange frequency content of the leftchannel or right channel laterally from the television.
 10. The audiosystem for a television of claim 9, further comprising a waveguidestructure for radiating bass frequency content of the left channel orright channel; the other of the left channel or right channel; and acenter channel.
 11. The audio system of claim 1, wherein the crosssectional area of the pipe decreases along the length of the pipe. 12.The audio system of claim 1, further comprising a second slotted pipetype passive directional acoustic device comprising a second acousticdriver, acoustically coupled to a pipe to radiate acoustic energy intothe pipe, the second pipe comprising an elongated opening along at leasta portion of the length of the pipe; and acoustically resistive materialin the opening through which pressure waves are radiated to theenvironment, the pressure waves characterized by a volume velocity, thepipe, the opening, and the acoustically resistive material configured sothat the volume velocity is substantially constant along the length ofthe pipe; and wherein the first passive directional acoustic device ismounted in the television cabinet to directionally radiate sound waveslaterally leftward from the television cabinet and the second passiveradiator is mounted in the television cabinet to directionally radiatesound waves laterally rightward from the television cabinet.
 13. Anacoustic apparatus, comprising: an acoustic driver, acoustically coupledto a passive directional device to radiate acoustic energy into thepassive directional device, wherein the acoustic driver has a firstradiating surface acoustically coupled to the first passive directionaldevice and wherein the acoustic driver has a second radiating surfacecoupled to an acoustic device for radiating acoustic energy to theenvironment, wherein the acoustic device comprises a structure to reducehigh frequency radiation from the acoustic source to the environment;wherein the cross sectional area of the passive directional device,normal to a central axis of the passive directional device, varies alongthe length of the passive directional device, the passive directionaldevice comprising an opening in the perimeter of the passive directionaldevice extending along at least a portion of the length of the passivedirectional device through which acoustic energy is radiated to theenvironment, the opening characterized by an opening area, wherein theopening has an acoustical resistance, and wherein substantially all ofthe acoustic energy radiated into the passive directional device by theacoustic driver exits the passive directional device through the openingor is dissipated in the acoustical resistance of the opening.
 14. Anacoustic apparatus in accordance with claim 13, wherein the crosssectional area of the passive directional device decreases with distancefrom the acoustic driver.
 15. An acoustic apparatus in accordance withclaim 14, wherein the acoustic pressure within the passive directionaldevice produced by the acoustic energy radiated into the passivedirectional device by the acoustic driver is substantially constant withdistance from the acoustic driver, over at least a portion of the lengthof the passive directional device.
 16. An acoustic apparatus inaccordance with claim 13, wherein acoustically resistive material islocated in the opening to provide acoustical resistance.
 17. An acousticapparatus in accordance with claim 16, wherein the acousticallyresistive material is at least one of the group consisting of: wiremesh, felt, sintered plastic, woven fabric, and unwoven fabric.
 18. Anacoustic apparatus in accordance with claim 13, wherein the acousticdevice is a second passive directional device comprising an openingextending along at least a portion of a length of the second passivedirectional device through which acoustic energy is radiated to theenvironment.
 19. An acoustic apparatus, comprising: an acoustic driver,acoustically coupled to a first end of a passive directional device toradiate acoustic energy into the passive directional device, the passivedirectional device comprising an opening in the perimeter of the passivedirectional device, the opening extending along at least a portion of alength of the passive directional device through which acoustic energyis radiated to an environment, the opening characterized by an openingarea, wherein the passive directional device is characterized by acentral axis extending along the length of the passive directionaldevice, wherein the central axis of the passive directional device is atleast one of: bent and curved, wherein the opening has an acousticalresistance, wherein the acoustical resistance of the opening varies withdistance from the acoustic driver along the passive directional device,and wherein the acoustic energy radiated into the passive directionaldevice by the acoustic driver exits the passive directional devicethrough the acoustical resistance of the opening, such that littleacoustic energy remains within the passive directional device at asecond end of the passive directional device.